Ürün Rehberi: Narenciye Gübreleme Önerileri

İçerik:

  1. Haifa'nın kaliteli gübreleri ile bir çok fayda
  2. Haifa gübreleri ile önerilen uygulamaların özeti
  3. Bitki besin elementleri gereksinimleri
  4. Toprak analizi
  5. Bitki analiz verileri
  6. Azot
  7. Fosfor
  8. Potasyum
  9. Nutrigation™ (fertigation)
  10. Nutrigation™ (Damla sulama) tavsiyeleri - Genç Bitkiler
  11. Nutrigation™ (Damla sulama) tavsiyeleri - Meyve veren ağaçlar
  12. Nutrigation(damla sulama) Programı
  13. Proportional (Oransal) Nutrigation™
  14. Nutrigation™ İsrail'de uygulamalar
  15. Multicote™ Agri Kontrollü Salınımlı Gübreler
  16. Yapraktan Bitki Besleme

 

3.1 Haifa'nın kaliteli gübreleri ile bir çok fayda

Toprak uygulaması, gübreleme veya banda uygulamalar, Haifa tüm turunçgil üreticilerinin yararına kaliteli ürünler sunar.

 

Toprak Uygulamaları:

Multi-K™ Pril formu, elle veya gübre serpme makinesi, nitrat (NO3-) formunda bir azot kaynağı ve klorsuz potasyum ile uygulanabilir. Tuzluluğun neden olduğu zararları önler ve ağaç kökleri tarafından hızla alınır.

Multicote™ Agri Yeterli iş gücü mevcut olmadığında veya uygun olmadığında yada bitki besin maddelerinin yıkanma riskinin olduğu durumlarda, kontrollü salınımlı gübre (CRF) ideal bir çözümdür.

Nutrigation™ (damla sulama) Multi-K™, Poly-Feed™Haifa MAP™ ve Haifa MKP™ suda çözünür gübreler, ciddi makro ve mikro bitki besinleri içeriri. Bu gübrelerin karışabilirliği ve çözünürlüğü nedeniyle, en etkili şekilde ve en faydalı sonuçlarla gübreleme programlarında kullanılabilir.

 

Yaprak uygulamaları: 

Haifa Bonus™ dış ve iç meyve kalitesini etkiler: boyut ve ağırlığı arttırır, buruşmaları ve bölünmeyi önler, kuru mddde ve C vitamini içeriğini iyileştirir. Ayrıca, besin eksikliklerini hızlı ve etkili bir şekilde giderir.

Haifa Bonus ™ 'un bitki büyüme düzenleyicileri ile tank karışımı, işlevlerini geliştirir.

Poly-Feed ™, bitki besin maddesi eksikliklerini en etkili şekilde önlemek ve gidermek için birçok farklı N-P-K formülasyonlarında mevcuttur.

Magnisal™ magnezyum (Mg) eksikliklerini çok hızlı ve etkili bir şekilde giderir.

Bu dokümanda yer alan tavsiyeler sadece genel bir rehber olarak kabul edilmelidir. Tam gübreleme programı, spesifik ürün ihtiyaçlarına, toprak ve su koşullarına, çeşidine ve yetiştiricinin deneyimine göre belirlenmelidir. Ayrıntılı tavsiye ve öneriler için yerel bir Haifa temsilcisine danışın.

 

Feragatname: Burada verilen bilgilerin her türlü kullanımı okuyucunun sorumluluğundadır. Haifa Chemicals Ltd., "Hatasız" veriler için hiçbir garanti vermez ve ayrıca sağlanan verilerin kullanımından veya burada sağlanan bilgilerin doğruluğu, güvenilirliği veya içeriği ile ilgili olarak elde edilebilecek sonuçları garanti etmez.

Haifa Chemicals Ltd. veya çalışanları hiçbir durumda, dahil edilen verilerin kullanımından veya kullanılamamasından kaynaklanan herhangi bir hasar veya cezai zarardan sorumlu tutulamaz.

 

3.2 Haifa gübreleriyle önerilen uygulamaların özeti *

Table 10: Haifa gübreleriyle önerilen uygulamaların özeti *

A - Gübreleme gereksinimlerini belirleyen yaprak analizi

Yaprak analizi

N (%)

P (%)

K (%)

Noksanlık

2.2

0.09

0.7

Düşük

2.2-2.4

0.09-0.11

0.7-1.1

Optimum

2.5-2.7

0.12-0.16

1.2-1.7

Yüksek

2.8-3.0

0.17-0.30

1.8-2.4

Aşırı

>3.0

>.30

>2.4

* Ayrıntılı öneriler için aşağıdaki bölümlerde ilgili paragrafa bakınız.

 

B - Bitki besin maddesi ihtiyacı

Gelişim dönemi

1. Verim

 70% Üretim

Tüm Üretim

Beklenen(T/ha)

8 - 21

18 - 49

25 - 70

N

47 - 97

79 -1 92

95 - 247

P2O5

63 - 75

74 - 100

77 - 116

K2O

45 - 105

83 - 221

102 - 293

CaO

20 - 39

33 - 74

38 - 92

MgO

6 - 12

12 - 25

13 - 31

* Ayrıntılı tavsiyeler için aşağıdaki bölümlerdeki ilgili paragrafa bakın.

 

 

C - Toprak uygulaması

Genç ağaçlar (g/ağaç/yıl)

 

Ağaç yaşı

N oranı

Multi-K 

N

1

70 - 140

500 - 1000

2

140 - 280

1000 - 2000

3

280 -  420

2000 - 3200

K

1

70 - 140

150 - 300

2

140 - 280

300 - 600

3

280 - 420

600 - 900

 

4-7 (kg/ha/yıl)

 

 

N oranı

Multi-K™ Oranı

N

Greyfurt

120 -160

900 -1200

Portakal, Tangelo veya Mandalina

120 - 200

900 - 1500

K

Greyfurt

120 -160

260 - 350

Portakal, Tangelo veya Mandalina

120 - 200

260 - 430

 

Sekiz yaş ve üstü (kg / ha / yıl)

 

 

N Oranı

Multi-K Oranı

N

Portakal

140 - 250

1000 - 1900 kg

Greyfurt

120 - 160

900 -1200 Kg

Mandalina / Tangelo

120 - 300

900 - 2300 Kg

K

Portakal

140 - 250

300 - 540

Greyfurt

120 - 160

260 - 350

Mandalina / Tangelo

120 - 300

260 - 650

 

 

 

 

Kontrollü salınımlı 

gübre

Multicote Agri

16-5-12

Dikim çukuru

300 - 500 g/ağaç

meyve vermeyen ağaçlar

250 - 600 g/ağaç

Meyve veren ağaçlar

1 - 1.5 kg/ağaç

* Ayrıntılı tavsiyeler için aşağıdaki bölümlerdeki ilgili paragrafa bakın.

 

 

D - Nutrigation™

 

Young trees

Age (yr)

N

Urea

Multi-K®

Annual Multi-K®

Daily supply (g/tree)

Kg/tree

1

1.5 - 2.5

2.3 - 4.0

3.2  -  5.4

0.768  -  1.296

2

2.5 - 3.5

4.0 - 5.4

5.4 - 7.6

1.296  -   1.824

3

4.0 - 4.5

6.2  - 7.0

8.7 - 9.8

2.088  -  2.352

4

4.5 - 5.0

7.0 - 10.5

9.8 - 10.8

2.352  -  2.592

 

Bearing trees (Kg/ha)

 

 

N

P2O5

K2O

 

200 - 300

60

180-300

Fertilizer

Urea

400 - 600

 

 

Multi-MAP

 

100

 

Multi-K®

 

 

400-650

 

Bearing Trees - higher yield (Kg/ha)

 

 

N

P2O5

K2O

 

650 - 950

250

650  - 1000

Fertilizer

Urea

950 - 1250

 

 

Multi-MAP

 

400

 

Multi-K®

 

 

1400  -  2000

* For detailed recommendations, refer to the relevant paragraph in the following chapters.

 

 

E - Proportional Nutrigation™ (ppm)

N (20-30% as NH4+)

35

P (as orthophosphate*)

10

P2O5

22.7

K

25

K2O

30.1

* For detailed recommendations, refer to the relevant paragraph in the following chapters.

 

 

F - Foliar feeding - young trees

Poly-Feed

2%

* For detailed recommendations, refer to the relevant paragraph in the following chapters.

 

 

G - Foliar feeding

 

 

Product

Concentration

Correct deficiency

K

Haifa-Bonus-npK™

4%

 

Mg

Magnisal™

1.4%

* For detailed recommendations, refer to the relevant paragraph in the following chapters.

 

 

H - Foliar treatments with  Haifa Bonus-npK™

Yield & Quality

Parameter

Concentration

No. of Applications

External fruit quality

Increases size

2 - 6 %

2 - 4

Increases fruit weight

2 - 6 %

2 - 4

Improves rind color

2 - 6 %

2 - 4

Rind Disorders

Reduces creasing

2 - 6 %

2 - 4

Reduces splitting

2 - 6 %

2 - 4

Internal juice quality

Increases juice content

2 - 6 %

2 - 4

Increases of soluble solids

2 - 6 %

2 - 4

Increases of acid

2 - 6 %

2 - 4

Increases vitamin C

2 - 6 %

2 - 4

Growth regulator

Fruit size & productivity

4%

Growth regulators

2,4-D + 2,4-DP

NAA

TPA

* Ayrıntılı tavsiyeler için aşağıdaki bölümlerdeki ilgili paragrafa bakın.

 

 

3.3 Bitki besin maddesi gereksinimleri

Ağaç yaşı ve beklenen verim, gerekli bitki besin maddelerinin belirlenmesinde iki önemli parametredir (Tablo 11).

 

 

Tablo 11: Büyüme aşamalarına ve beklenen verime göre gerekli makro ve ikincil bitki besin oranları

Growing stage

First yield

Full production

Production 70%

Expected Yield (T/ha)

8 - 21

25 - 70

18 - 49

N

47 - 97

95 - 247

79 -1 92

P2O5

63 - 75

77 - 116

74 - 100

K2O

45 - 105

102 - 293

83 - 221

CaO

20 - 39

38 - 92

33 - 74

MgO

6 - 12

13 - 31

12 - 25

 

3.4 Toprak analizi

Bu, pH'ı, alınabilir P'yi ve belirli değiştirilebilir katyonları, özellikle Ca ve Mg'yi ölçmek için kullanışlıdır.

 

 

Tablo 12: 1-3 yaşındaki ticari narenciye bahçeleri için Mehlich-1 ekstraktı, yorumlama ve fosfor önerilerini kullanan standart bir toprak testi

Soil test

Phosphorus, ppm

0 - 10

10 - 15

16 - 30

31 - 60

Interpretive Classes

Very Low

Low

Medium

High

Recommendation for P2O5  application (g/tree)

Apply at 100% of the N  rate

Apply at 75% of the N rate

Apply at 50% of the N rate

0

Yüksek oranda magnezyum (Mg) gübre uygulaması, katyonik rekabeti nedeniyle potasyum (K) alımını baskılayabilir.

 

 

Tablo 13: Ticari narenciye bahçeleri için standart Mehlich-1 toprak testi yorumları ve magnezyum önerileri.

Soil Test Magnesium, (ppm)

15

15 - 30

> 30

Interpretive Classes

Very low - Low

Medium

High - Very High

Recommendation

Apply Mg fertilizer with MgO at 20% of the N rate

Apply Mg fertilizer with MgO at 20% of the N rate

No Mg recommended

Ancak narenciye ağaçları çok çeşitli toprak tiplerinde yetiştirildiğinden, tüm topraklar için standartlar oluşturmak zor olacaktır. Bu nedenle, genellikle belirli bir bölgedeki belirli toprak türleri için standartlar geliştirilmiştir.

Topraktaki N ve K durumunu değerlendirmek genellikle daha zordur çünkü bu iki element de özellikle nemli bölgelerde yıkanmalara maruz kalır.

 

3.5 Plant analysis data

Leaf analysis is an essential tool to determine the required plant nutrients (Table 14). According to leaf analysis results, the fertilization rates and the correct ratio of plant nutrients can help to schedule the fertilization program.

 

 

Table 14: Leaf analysis standards for mature, bearing citrus trees based on 4 to 6-month-old, spring-cycle leaves from non-fruiting terminals

Element Deficient Low Optimum High Excess
N (%) 2.2 2.2-2.4 2.5-2.7 2.8-3.0 >3.0
P (%) 0.09 0.09-0.11 0.12-0.16 0.17-0.30 >.30
K (%) 0.7 0.7-1.1 1.2-1.7 1.8-2.4 >2.4
Ca (%) 1.5 1.5-2.9 3.0-4.9 5.0-7.0 >7.0
Mg (%) 0.20 0.20-0.29 0.30-0.49 0.50-0.70 >0.70
Cl (%) ? ? 0.05-0.10 0.11-0.25 >.25
Na (%) - - - 0.15-0.25 >.25
Mn (ppm) 17 18-24 25-100 101-300 >300
Zn (ppm) 17 18-24 25-100 101-300 >300
Cu (ppm) 3 03-אפר מאי-16 17-20 >20
Fe (ppm) 35 35-59 60-120 121-200 >200
B (ppm) 20 20-35 36-100 101--200 >200
Mo (ppm) 0.05 0.06-0.09 0.10-1.0 2.0-5.0 >5.0

 

3.6 Azot

The form of a nitrogen, either ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3-) or amide (NH2), plays an important role when choosing the right fertilizer for Nutrigation of citrus trees.Nitrate-nitrogen is a preferable source of nitrogen as it suppresses the uptake of chloride (Cl-) and at the same time promotes the uptake of cations, such as potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg2+) and Calcium (Ca2+). In addition, the nitrate form of nitrogen increases the pH of soil solution near the root system, especially important in acidic soils.

 

The nitrogen in Multi-K (potassium nitrate, KNO3) is entirely in nitrate form, which makes it a suitable fertilizer for Nutrtigation™.

 

 

Table 15: Nitrogen requirements and recommendations for the first three years after planting

Age of tree

N rate (g/tree/year)

Rate of Multi-K™  (g/tree/year) as a single N source*

Year 1

70 - 140

500 - 1000

Year 2

140 - 280

1000 - 2000

Year 3

280 - 420

2000 - 3200

* Diğer suda çözünür N gübreleri eklenebilir ve Multi-K ™ oranı buna göre azaltılmalıdır.

 

 

Tablo 16: Çeşitlere göre 4-7 yaş ağaçların azot gereksinimleri ve önerileri

Variety

N rate (kg/ha/year)

Rate of Multi-K/ (kg/ha/year) as a single N source*

Grapefruit

120 -160

900 –1200 kg Multi-K™ / Ha

Orange, Tangelo or Tangerine

120 – 200

900–1500 kg Multi-K™ / Ha

* Other water-soluble N fertilizer may be added and Multi-K rate should be reduced accordingly.

 

 

Tablo 17: Azot gereksinimleri ve sekiz yaş ve üstü ağaçlar için tavsiyeler

Variety

N rate (kg/ha/year)

Rate of Multi-K/ (kg/ha/year) as a single N source*

Oranges

140-250

1000 – 1900 kg

Grapefruit

120-160

900 -1200 Kg

Tangerine/Tangelo

120-300

900 – 2300 Kg

* Diğer suda çözünür N içerikli gübreler eklenebilir ve Multi-K ™ oranı buna göre azaltılmalıdır.

 

3.7 Phosphorus

 

 

 

Tablo 18: Ticari narenciye bahçeleri için test yorumları ve fosfor önerileri, 4 yaş ve üstü

 

P level in leaf tissue

Soil test P level

P recommendation

High or Very High

Soil test P not applicable

0 Kg of P2O5 for 12 months until re-evaluation

Optimum

Sufficient

0 Kg of P2O5 for 12 months until re-evaluation

Optimum

Less than sufficient

8 Kg P2O5/ha for every 9,500 kg of fruit produced per ha during one year

Low

Less than sufficient

12 Kg P2O5/ha for every 9,500 kg of fruit produced per ha during one year

Deficient

 

Less than sufficient

 

16 Kg P2O5/ha for every 9,500 kg of fruit produced per ha during one year

 

3.8 Potassium

Potassium recommendations also depend on the age of citrus trees. During the first 3 years after planting, K2O should be applied at the same rate as N (g K2O/tree). For orchard ages of 4 years and above, K2O should be applied at the same rate as N (in Kg K2O/ha). 

 

 

Table 19: K recommendations for the first three years of orchard-age

Age of tree

Rate of K2O (g/tree)

Rate of Multi-K (g/tree)

Year 1

70 - 140

150 - 300

Year 2

140 - 280

300 - 600

Year 3

280 - 420

600 - 900

 

 

Tablo 20: 4-7 yaş arası ağaçlar için K gereksinimleri ve tavsiyeler

Variety

Rate of K2O (kg/ha/year)

Rate of Multi-K™  (kg/ha/year)

Grapefruit

120 -160

260 - 350

Orange, Tangelo or Tangerine

120 - 200

260 - 430

 

 

Variety

Rate of K2O (kg/ha/year)

Rate of Multi-K (kg/ha/year)

Oranges

140 - 250

300 - 540

Grapefruit

120 - 160

260 - 350

Tangerine/Tangelo

120 - 300

260 - 650

 

3.9 Nutrigation™ (fertigation)

Application of water soluble fertilizers through the irrigation system is the optimal method for providing balanced plant nutrition throughout the growth season.  A balanced Nutrigation™ regime ensures that essential nutrients are placed precisely at the site of intensive root activity and are available in exactly the right quantity - when plants need them.

 

 

3.9.1 Nutrigation™ Recommendations for Young trees

  • Soil type: Light to medium
  • 240 irrigation (application) days per year. If more application days, calculated daily rates should be reduced, accordingly 
  • Rates are based on N: K2O ratio 1: 1

 

Table 22: Nutrigation™ recommendations for young trees

Year

N

Urea

Multi-K

Annual Multi-K

Daily supply (g/tree)*

Kg/tree

1

1.5 - 2.5

2.3 - 4.0

3.2  -  5.4

0.768  -  1.296

2

2.5 - 3.5

4.0 - 5.4

5.4 - 7.6

1.296  -   1.824

3

4.0 - 4.5

6.2  - 7.0

8.7 - 9.8

2.088  -  2.352

4

4.5 - 5.0

7.0 - 10.5

9.8 - 10.8

2.352  -  2.592

* In fertile soils and irrigated water with high content of plant nutrients, rates of fertilizers should be reduced, accordingly.

 

 

Table 23: Recommended applications of Haifa MAP™ (12-61-0) when soil test is not available

 

Year

P2O5

Haifa MAP

Haifa MAP

(g/tree/day)

(g/tree/day)

(g/tree/year)*

1    

0.5

0.8

192

2

1.0

1.6

384

3

1.5

2.4

576

4

2.0

3.2

768

* Estimated 240 irrigated days.

 

3.9.2 Nutrigation™ recommendation of bearing trees

  • Soil type: light to medium 
  • Tree population:  400-600 trees/ha
  • Expected yield: 40 t/ha

 

The recommended average rates of nutrients (Kg/ha):

N

P2O5

K2O

200-300

60

180-300

Nitrogen:The recommended amount is based on the nitrogen consumption of 4-6 Kg N/ ton of fresh fruit. 75% of the entire amount of nitrogen should be applied from early spring to the mid-summer. It is recommended to split this amount of nitrogen and to apply it proportionally in each one of the irrigation cycles.

The rest 25% can be applied in autumn, after color breaking, or as post-harvest fertilization.

Phosphorus:One or two applications at the beginning of spring.

Potassium: It is recommended to divide the entire amount of potassium and to apply it proportionally in each one of the irrigation cycles from early spring to early summer irrigations.

 

 

NutrigationSchedule:

Table 24: Nutrigation schedule on bearing trees

Fertilizer

Application time

No. of applications

Total amount

Multi-K™

Spring to early summer

Weekly

400-650 Kg/ha

Urea

During the season

Weekly

400-600 Kg/ha

Haifa MAP™

Spring

1-2

100 Kg/ha

 

 

Recommendations for Bearing Trees (higher yield)

  • Soil type: light to medium
  • Plant population: 440 trees / ha
  • Expected yield: 60 ton / ha

 

 

The recommended average rates of nutrients (Kg/ha):

N

P2O5

K2O

650 - 950

250

650  - 1000

 

 

                 

Kg. / ha

N

P2O5

K2O

Urea

950 - 1250

430 - 570

0

0

Haifa MAP™

400

50

240

0

Multi-K

1400  -  2000

175 - 280

0

650 - 1000

 

 

Table 25: Nutrigation™ schedule of total plant nutrients per seasonal application

Fertilizer

kg / ha

kg/ha

N

P2O5

K2O

First irrigation  (spring)

Multi-K™*

400 - 700

52 - 91

 

184 - 322

Urea*

300 - 500

138 - 230

 

 

Haifa MAP™**

150

18

92

 

Spring - Summer

Multi-K™*

650 - 900

85 - 117

 

299 - 414

Urea*

600 - 950

276 - 437

 

 

Haifa MAP™**

100

12

61

 

Late Summer - Fall* (Last irrigation)

Multi-K™*

350 - 500

45.5 - 65

 

161 - 230

Haifa MAP™**

150

18

92

 

Total

644 - 988

244

644 - 966

* Split into low rates and applied weekly ; ** Split into 1-2 applications

 

In case of magnesium deficiency, it is recommended to spray with 2% Magnisal (Haifa's magnesium nitrate product) when the leaves of the early spring flush have reached 2/3 of their final size. This Nutrigation™ programshould be adjusted according to leaf analysis data.

 

3.9.3 Proportional Nutrigation™

Proportional Nutrigation™, (constant concentrations of plant nutrients during the entire irrigation session) is a beneficial tool, mainly when growing on sandy soils (Table 26).

 

 

Table 26: Proportional Nutrigation

 

Nutrient

mg/l (ppm)

 

Nutrient

mg/l (ppm)

N (20-30% as NH4+)

35

 

Cu (as chelates)

0.012

P (as orthophosphate*)

10

 

Fe (as EDTA chelate)

0.088

P2O5

22.7

 

Mn (as chelate)

0.088

K

25

 

Zn (as chelate)

0.056

K2O

30.1

 

Mo

0.0006

Ca

20

 

B

0.088

CaO

28.2

 

 

Mg

10

 

 

MgO

16.7

 

 

S

13

 

 

SO3

32.5

 

 

* P in orthophosphate form serves as a buffer.

 

3.9.4 Nutrigation™ practice in Israel

Non-bearing citrus trees

 

Table 27:  Recommended rates of N, P and K, on young – non-bearing citrus trees:

Age of tree

N-P-K g/tree

Actual fertilizers

N g/tree

P2O5 g/tree

K2O g/tree

Multi-K

Urea

Haifa MAP™

First year

0.4

0.2

0.4

0.9

0.3

0.4

Second year

0.8

0.4

0.8

1.8

0.6

0.7

Third year

1.6

0.8

1.6

3.5

1.2

1.3

Forth year

3.2

1.6

3.2

7.0

2.4

2.6

When proportional fertigation is used, the concentration of N, the irrigated water in non-bearing orchard should not exceed 200 ppm (200 g N in 1000 L water).

In fruit bearing orchards grow where leaf analysis is not available, it is recommended to apply 200 kg N /ha/yr, 180 Kg K2O/ha/yr and once in three years 60 Kg P2O5/ha.

Applications of potassium may vary according to soil texture; in light texture soils, low rates of phosphorus in each fertigation may be added, similarly to N, while in heavier texture soils higher rates of P may be applied once a week.

 

 

Meyve Veren Meyve Ağaçları

Apply N throughout the irrigation period according to the harvesting time of the fertigated variety. Varieties that are having color breaking difficulties, it is recommended to complete the N fertigation in mid summer. When proportional fertigation is used, the concentration of N, the irrigated water bearing orchard, should not exceed 50 ppm N (50 g N in 1000 L water).

Phosphorus should be applied, as needed, during the entire fertigated period in equal rates. If orchard is not fertigated, phosphorous should be applied in one portion in either spring or fall.

Applications of potassium may vary according to soil texture; in light texture soils, low rates of phosphorus in each fertigation may be added, similarly to N, while in heavier texture soils higher rates of P may be applied; once a month.

 

Yaprak analizine göre öneriler

 

 

Tablo 28: Portakallar (Shamuti, Washington navels, Valencia), limonlar ve mandalina için yaprak analizine göre önerilen potasyum uygulama oranları

K level in leaves (% of dry weight)

Low

Optimum

Excess

Less than 0.45%

0.45% - 1%

Above 1%

Recommended rate of K2O kg/ha

300

180

0

 

 

Tablo 29: Greyfurtlar için yaprak analizine göre önerilen potasyum uygulama oranları

K level in leaves (% of dry weight)

Low

Optimum

Excess

Less than 0.35%

0.36% - 0.75%

Above 0.75%

Recommended rate of K2O kg/ha

300

180

0

Potasyum: Azotla aynı oran ve yöntemlerde uygulanmalıdır.

 

 

Tablo 30: Portakallar (Shamouti, Washington navels), limonlar ve mandalina için yaprak analizine göre önerilen fosfor uygulama oranları

P level in leaves (%) in leaves

Low

Optimum

Excess

Less than 0.35%

0.36% - 0.75%

Above 0.75%

Recommended rate of P2O5 kg/ha

120

60

0

 

 

Tablo 31: Greyfurt ve Valencia portakalları için yaprak analizine göre önerilen fosfor uygulama oranları

P level in leaves (%) in leaves

Low

Optimum

Excess

Less than 0.03%

0.031%-0.040%

Above 0.041%

Recommended rate of P2O5 kg/ha

120

60

0

Phosphorous: When drip irrigation is practiced, it is recommended to apply the phosphorous as a full-soluble product, such as Multi-MAP or Multi-MKP, at a constant concentration, during the entire irrigation season.

When leaf analysis is unavailable, it is recommended to apply 200 kg/ha of nitrogen, 180 kg /ha of K2O and once every three years, 60 kg/ha of P2O5.

Nutrigationwith recycled water: this kind of water may contain substantial quantities of plant nutrients. Therefore, it is recommend analyzing the water in order to determine the available plant nutrient and to use the leaf analysis results as a guidance criterion for the real application of the fertilizers.

 

3.10 Multicote™ Agri Controlled Release Fertilizers

There are two main situations in which the use of Multicote™ Agri products are recommended:

 

1. In the planting hole: It is recommended to apply Multicote™ Agri in the planting hole, to ensure balanced and adequate plant nutrients that are essential during the root development stage and the initial growth. This is recommended both in the nursery, when the seedling is transferred to the growth pot, and when the young plant is transplanted to the new plantation.

 

2. In sandy soils and high precipitation conditions:  As a standard crop nutrition management, in order to minimize leaching problems and yet to feed the citrus trees with all essential plants nutrients, the grower has a choice of several longevities of Multicote™ Agri to suit crop needs according to local growing conditions.

 

 

Multicote™ Agri applications:

To select the right Multicote™ Agri formula and to set application rates, some guidelines have to be followed:

  • Release longevity should consider soil temperatures. As the release rate increases with temperature, higher temperatures require formula with extended longevity. Note that the declared longevity refers to release at 21oC
  • Under heavy rainfall or intensive irrigation, formula with higher percentage of coated nutrients is required.
  • In any case, the percentage of coated nitrogen must exceed the minimum of 25% of the total N in the product.
  • The total rates of nutrients should consider
  • Theoretical needs based on removal by the crop+expected losses
  • Required/expected yield level
  • Farmer’s common practice and experience

Under most conditions, Multicote™ Agri  enables reduction of 10-20% in application rates as compared to conventional fertilization.

Please consult Haifa agronomist to customize Multicote™ Agri  fertilization program to suit your needs.

 

3.11 Foliar nutrition

Foliar feeding is a fast and highly effective method of supplementing and enriching plant nutrients when needed. Foliar application of Haifa water soluble fertilizers provides needed plant nutrients for normal development of crops when absorption of nutrients from the soil is disturbed, precision-timed foliar sprays are also a fast-acting and effective method for treating nutrient deficiencies.

Foliar application of the correct nutrients in relatively low concentrations at critical stages in crop development contributes significantly to higher yields and improved quality.

 

Determine safe foliar applied rate:

To verify the safe rate under local conditions, it is advisable to spray recommended rate on a few plants. After 3-4 days check the tested plants for scorching symptoms.

 

Preparation of tank-mix:

Dissolve Haifa water-soluble fertilizes in about half of the tank volume, and add to the spray tank. When applying together with crop-protection agents, addition of wetting agents is not necessary. To ensure compatibility of tank-mix components, a small-scale test should be performed prior to actual application.

 

 

 

Table 32: Haifa water-soluble fertilizers for foliar application

Fertilizer

Curing Treatment

Haifa-Bonus™

Potassium deficiency

Haifa MAP™

Phosphorus deficiency

Haifa MKP™

Phosphorus and potassium deficiency

Magnisal

Magnesium deficiency

Poly-Feed

N-P-K and micronutrients deficiency

Haifa Micro

Micronutrients deficiencies

 

 

3.11.1 Haifa-Bonus™ increases yields and enlarges fruits

Foliar treatments with Haifa-Bonus™ proved to increase yield of many citrus species and varieties as well as increases fruit size, an important commercial parameter (Tables 33-35).

 

 

Table 33: Effect of Haifa-Bonus™ spray on size, yield and N & K levels in leaves of “Marsh” grapefruit

Treatment

Yield

Fruit size

Content in dry leaves (%)

Boxes / tree

Fruit / box

N

K

Unsprayed

3.88

69.4

2.56

2.56

Sprayed* with Haifa Bonus-npK

4.38

65.7

2.68

2.68

* 3 % spray solution X 3 applications (April, June, and November)

 

 

Table 34: Effect of Haifa Bonus™ on Yield and Fruit Size of “Valencia” oranges

Treatment

Yield

Fruit size

Fruit / box

Boxes / tree

Fruits / tree

Unsprayed

7.54

976

130

Sprayed* with Haifa Bonus-npK

9.45

1135

120

* 5 % spray solution.

 

 

Table 35: Effect of Haifa Bonus™ sprays on fruit size of “Shamuti” oranges

Treatment

Yield

kg / tree

Fruit Size

Small

Medium

Large

Jumbo

--------------  %  --------------

Control

102.8

63.94

19.39

14.26

2.4

4% Haifa Bonus-npK +18 ppm 2,4-D  (1 spray)

125.3

38.75

22.17

31.24

7.83

4% Haifa Bonus-npK +18 ppm 2,4-D (2 sprays)

122.63

30.22

22.42

33.52

13.36

4% Haifa Bonus-npK + 200 ppm NAA

79.1

18.26

12.66

40.66

28.41

4% Haifa Bonus-npK  + 300 ppm NAA

62.6

33.21

18.19

31.80

16.77

Foliar treatments with Haifa Bonus™ not only increases yield fruit size, but also reduces fruit splitting, a problem that may cause a sever reduction in marketable fruits (Tab. 11 - 13).

 

 

Treatment

No. of treatments

Fruit split (%)

Control

 

62.2

5% Haifa Bonus-npK 

1

55.5

5% Haifa Bonus-npK 

2

40.7

5% Haifa Bonus-npK 

3

41.1

5% Haifa Bonus-npK + 20 ppm 2,4-D

1

35.4

5% Haifa Bonus-npK + 20 ppm 2,4-D

2

19.6

5% Haifa Bonus-npK + 20 ppm 2,4-D

3

20.1

 

 

Table 37: Effect of Haifa Bonus™ on “Nova” mandarins - R. Lavon (1992)

Treatment

Yield (kg/tree)

Fruits/tree

Mean weight of fruit (g)

Split (%)

Unsprayed

35 b

404 b

94 a

52 a

Ca-Nitrate 2%

43 ab

433 a

99 a

40 ab

Haifa Bonus-npK  3%

57 a

539 a

109 a

35 b

Ca-Nitrate 2%+ Bonus-npK  3%

49 ab

477 a

104 a

35 b

 

 

Figure 48: The Effect of Haifa Bonus™ on Yield & Fruit Size of Ruby-Red Grapefruit

 

Haifa-Bonus™ also reduces the fruit drop and affects the fruit quality (Tables 38-39).

 

 

Treatment

K in Leaves  (%)

Fruit Drop  (fruits/tree)

Yield (box/tree)

Unsprayed

0.47

193

1.14

Haifa Bonus-npK  4%

1.30

33

5.39

 

 

Table 39: Effect of Haifa-Bonus™ spray on “Lisbon” Lemons (USA)

Treatment

K concentration ( %  )

Acid in juice (% w/w) )

Fruit Color Rating

Leaf

Peel

Unsprayed

0.39

0.51

6.40

1.72

Bonus-npK  spray*

0.50

0.70

6.88

1.88

* 3 % spray solution X 3 applications (April, June, and November)

 

 

3.11.2 Foliar feeding on young trees

Table 40: Foliar feeding with Poly-Feed on young citrus trees to stimulate growth

Period Frequency Product Spray concentration

May

Biweekly

Poly-Feed™*

2%

July-August

Biweekly

Poly-Feed*

2%

September-October

Monthly

Haifa-Bonus™ + phosphoric acid

4% + 0.1%

* add surfactant

 

 

Table 41: Foliar feeding to correct deficiencies

Plant Nutrient

Period

Product

Spray concentration

Magnesium (Mg)

Spring, when leaves are 2/3 of their final size

Magnisal

1.4 %

Potassium (K)

May-August, 1-2 applications

Haifa Bonus™

4 %

 

 

3.11.3 Foliar feeding prevents creasing and splitting, and improves fruit quality

For many years, foliar applications of Haifa-Bonus npK fertilizer proved to be an efficient treatment to reduce creasing in oranges (Tab. Xx).

 

 

Table 42: Foliar application of Haifa Bonus™ increases leaf K and reduces creasing in “Valencia” oranges

Treatment

Leaf K (%)

Creased fruits (%)

Severity index

Before spray

After spray

Unsprayed

0.46

0.34

42.6

100

Sprayed* with Haifa Bonus-npK™

0.45

0.54

27.2

64

* 5 % spray solution.


Based on research results, the recommended treatment to reduce creasing is, to apply 4%-6% Haifa Bonus™ npK: 1st application on Mid June (after June drop), and 2nd application one month later (Table 43).

 

 

Table 43: Recommended foliar treatments with Haifa-Bonus™ npK

Treatment purpose

Application rate (kg/ha)

Conc. (%)

Spray vol. (liter/ha)

Timing

No. of sprays

Nutrition

100-240

4-6

2500-4000

Spring

1-3

Increase fruit size

Spring - Summer

1-2

Reduce fruit drop

After fruit-set

2-4

Reduce splitting and creasing

Spring - Summer

3-4

 

 

Tablo 44: Çeşitlere göre meyve büyüklüğünü ve ağaç verimliliğini etkileyen büyüme düzenleyici uygulamaları

Varieties

Time of Treatment

Growth Regulator

Additives to growth regulators

Shamuti, Valencia Washington

End May - early June, Fruitlets 15-20 mm in diameter

2,4-D 20-40 ppm

2,4-DP 50-60 ppm

Haifa Bonus™ 4-6%

Michal, Clementines, Murkot, Dennis

End May - early June, Fruitlets 8-12 mmin diameter

NAA 200-300 ppm

Haifa Bonus™ 4-6%

Michal, Murkot

Fruitlets 21-25 mmin diameter

TPA-3,5,6 

10-15  ppm

Haifa Bonus™ 4-6%

Valencia Washington

Fruitlets 15-18 mm in diameter

2,4-DP 50-60 ppm

Haifa Bonus™ 4-6%

Red Grapefruit, White Grapefruit

Fruitlets 15-20 mm in diameter

NAA 300 ppm

Haifa Bonus™ 4%

 

Need more information about growing citrus? You can always return to the citrus tree fertilizer & citrus crop guide table of contents